I have owned a Canon 28mm f2.8 prime and found it suffered from colour fringing on the edge of the frame. My 28 - 105 f3.5 zoom performed better at 28mm which was rather disappointing as you would expect the prime to be superior. The equivalent FOV is 45mm on the 40D still a normal lens. Needless to say another lens I sold on. Reviews of the 28mm f1.8 also mention colour fringing.
The 24mm F2.8 review look much better but your be lucky to find this second hand. FOV 39mm on the 40D still not what you would call wide. New is outside your price range.
The original 40D kit lens would give you and equivalent FOV of 28-88mm.
If you could dig really deep into your pocket I would suggest the 17-40mm F4 L. You see plenty second hand.
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