If shooting digital there is no need for many filters as any desired effect can be added in the 'digital darkroom'. Filters that cannot be added later are graduated and polarising filters.
A popular choice however, are UV filters purely to protect the front lens element from damage. Once I popped a lens into a bag a bit sloppy and the lens cap became unpopped. After long journey in a car from Edinburgh my UV filter was very much scratched around the edges. Thankfully only the filter was damaged.
More recently UV filters are being phased out in favour for NC filters as protection (Neutral Colour) and do not have any warning or cooling effect to colour, hence neutral.
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